[318] Another was ignoring a pressure test that had failed. "[110], In January 2013, BP said that they were continuing to investigate possible sources of the oil sheen. On 2 March 2012, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. The remaining 20 percent, or $1.33 billion, went to The Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, a general government fund established in 1986 to aid in oil spill removal and assessment of the damage they have caused. The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. [370][371], This article is about the oil spill itself. Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? "[116] Altogether, 1.8410^6USgal (7,000m3) of dispersants were used; of this 771,000USgal (2,920m3) were released at the wellhead. [127][128][129], A 2011 analysis conducted by Earthjustice and Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The trusteesGovernment officials acting on behalf of the public when there is injury to, destruction of, loss of, or threat to natural resources. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [22], In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. Birds were particularly vulnerable to the effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. [23] Transocean pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge as part of its $1.4billion fine. [242], Workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did. Repeated or excessive exposure may cause injury to red blood cells (hemolysis), kidney or the liver. The manual adds: Excessive exposure may cause central nervous system effects, nausea, vomiting, anesthetic or narcotic effects. It advises, Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing, and Wear suitable protective clothing. For Corexit 9500 the manual advised, Do not get in eyes, on skin, on clothing, Avoid breathing vapor, and Wear suitable protective clothing. According to FOIA requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual were distributed to Gulf oil spill cleanup workers. Under this settlement, BP will pay the Trustees up to $8.8 billion for restoration to address natural resource injuries. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11] . [139][140] On 20 May, BP determined that none of the alternative products met all three criteria of availability, non-toxicity and effectiveness. [252], A cohort study of almost 2,200 Louisiana women found "high physical/environmental exposure was significantly associated with all 13 of the physical health symptoms surveyed, with the strongest associations for burning in nose, throat or lungs; sore throat; dizziness and wheezing. Early response to the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion (USCG). What caused the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? While the Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred at a depth of greater than 5,000 feet, deep oil drilling continues in the Gulf of Mexico. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed. It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. Credits: U.S. Coast Guard He said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." Bacterial community structures were evaluated in oil samples using culture-independent pyrosequencing, including oil mousses collected on sea surface and salt marshes during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and oil deposited in sediments adjacent to the wellhead 1 year after the spill. [170][171], The first video images were released on 12 May, and further video images were released by members of Congress who had been given access to them by BP. [157][158] After one week of testing, BP began to proceed[159] and by 28 June, had removed 890,000bbl (141,000m3). A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [60], Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, horizontally extended plumes of dissolved oil. Dr. James Diaz, writing for the American Journal of Disaster Medicine, said these ailments appearing in the Gulf reflected those reported after previous oil spills, like the Exxon Valdez. [347] The settlement includes payments of $2.394billion to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, $1.15billion to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, $350million to the National Academy of Sciences for oil spill prevention and response research, $100million to the North America Wetland Conservation Fund, $6million to General Treasury and $525million to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Is there a way to inhibit full degradation of petroleum while producing non toxic organic compounds? The explosion, which killed 11 men, caused the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the well. If that proves to be the case, the sheen can be expected to eventually disappear. On 20th April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost control of a well as a cement plug installed to temporarily abandon the well hole failed. [4][49] By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125mi (201km) of Louisiana's coast and along the Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama coastlines. [59][109] In addition, a white, milky substance was observed seeping from the wreckage. Their versatile metabolism and their ability to thrive in various conditions make them a good candidate to be used for bioaugmentation. [335] The firms deny the allegations. 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[80] On 16 June, a second containment system connected directly to the blowout preventer began carrying oil and gas to service vessels, where it was consumed in a clean-burning system. oil rig explosion", "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today", "Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo", "Search Ends for Missing Oil Rig Workers", "The 11 Workers Who Died During The Deepwater Horizon Explosion", "Rescued oil rig explosion workers arrive to meet families at Kenner hotel", "Coast Guard: Oil rig that exploded has sunk", "US military joins Gulf of Mexico oil spill effort", "White House Struggles as Criticism on Leak Mounts", "Scientists up estimate of leaking Gulf oil", "BP Seeks Gulf Oil Spill Size Ruling From Judge", "New Estimate Puts Gulf Oil Leak at 205 Million Gallons", "New BP Oil Spill Emails Suggest Cover-Up", "The Cover Up: E-mails Show BP Lied to Authorities on The Deepwater Horizon Spill", "Impacts, Perception, and Policy Implications of the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil and Gas Disaster", "Response To Oil on Gulf Island Beaches Continues", "BP has another setback as oil slick threatens Florida", "Admiral back on the Gulf Coast for spill", "Oil in Lake Pontchartrain stokes worries in New Orleans", "New wave of oil comes ashore west of Mississippi River", "Massive stretches of weathered oil spotted in Gulf of Mexico", "BP Oil Still Ashore One Year After End of Gulf Spill", Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Recent Activities and Ongoing Developments, "Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review", "Simulations of underwater plumes of dissolved oil in the Gulf of Mexico", "Nearly 3/4 of BP spill oil gone from Gulf", "Scientists call new gulf spill report 'ludicrous' Oneindia News", "Foul waters, hard lessons from BP oil spill", "Spilled BP oil lingers on Louisiana coast", "Dirty blizzard buried Deepwater Horizon oil", "40,000-Pound Tar Mat Reminds Us the Oil Spill is Not Over", "BP Pulls Out of Gulf Cleanup, Leaving Unanswered Questions Behind", "Robot subs trying to stop Gulf oil leak", "US oil spill 'threatens way of life', governor warns", "Engineers work to place siphon tube at oil spill site", "Update on Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Response May 24", "Gulf awaits word on latest bid to plug oil leak", "Oil stains beaches and tourists as slick spreads", "Hayward says spill 'never should have happened', "Robots begin work to remove cap from gushing well", "Relief wells and Subsea containment illustration", "Relief wells aim at pipe 18,000 feet deep", "BP's Deepwater Oil Spill Tests End and the Kill Begins, Well Reaches Static Condition", "BP begins pumping cement in next stage of 'static kill', "BP: Blowout preventer that failed to stop Gulf of Mexico oil leak removed from well", "Failed blowout preventer, a key piece of evidence in Gulf oil spill probe, secure on boat", "BP: Cement being pumped in to permanently seal the company's blown-out well in Gulf of Mexico", "Oil could spew until August, officials say", "No end in sight for oil in the Gulf of Mexico", "Oil in new Gulf slick matches that of 2010 spill", "Probe Deepens on New Oil Linked to BP Site", "Scientists: Oil fouling Gulf matches Deepwater Horizon well (photo gallery, video) | al.com", "Coast Guard, BP investigating reports of oil at Deepwater Horizon site", "Coast Guard says oil sheen 16 miles northeast of BP well too dispersed to be recovered", "Sheen at Deepwater Horizon disaster site is BP oil, Coast Guard says", "Coast Guard Says Sheen Near Macondo Matches 2010 BP Spill", "BP finishes latest search for Gulf oil leaks", "Oil may be seeping from Deepwater Horizon site", "Source of new oil sheen near Deepwater Horizon site has been plugged, BP says", "BP Macondo well, Deepwater Horizon wreckage videos released by Coast Guard", "Unknown substance leaking from Deepwater Horizon site", "Mystery 'oil sheen' grows near site of BP Gulf disaster, says researcher", "BP oil spill: US scientist retracts assurances over success of cleanup | Environment", "A Lot of Oil on the Loose, Not So Much to Be Found", "Tar Balls from BP Oil Spill Wash Up on Gulf Beaches", "Florida Keys environmentalists act to protect against BP oil spill summer 2010 | Global Nonviolent Action Database", Containment boom effort comes up short in BP oil spill, "BP oil spill Deepwater Horizon, BP (Business), Oil spills (Environment), Oil and gas companies (Business), Oil (environment), Oil (business), US news, Conservation (Environment), Pollution (Environment), World news, Environment, Business", BP spill response plans severely flawed | MNN Mother Nature Network, "Slosh and Berm: Building Sand Barriers off Louisiana's Coast to Hold Back Oil Spill Has Low Probability of Success", "Are the Sand Berms Really Stopping Oil? The loss of life and the subsequent pollution of the Gulf of Mexico were the result of poor risk management, lastminute changes to plans, failure to observe and respond to critical indicators, inadequate well control response, and insufficient emergency bridge response training by companies and individuals responsible for drilling at the Macondo well and for the operation of the drilling platform. In May 2013, he was honored as a "distinguished leader" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from People & Planet members. [188][189] Between May and June 2010, the spill waters contained 40 times more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than before the spill. "[18] Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. On beaches the main techniques were sifting sand, removing tar balls, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices. [155] Due to use of Corexit the oil was too dispersed to collect, according to a spokesperson for shipowner TMT. [81][324] This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties. [320] In the report, BP was accused of nine faults. [199][200] Fish with oozing sores and lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010. The settlement includes: Up to an additional $700 million to respond to natural resource damages unknown at the time of the agreement, and for adaptive management. [173][174][175] Restrictions were to prevent civilian air traffic from interfering with aircraft assisting the response effort. In May 2010, the bacterial count for the deepwater plume was 55,000 cells/ml and only 27,000 cells/ml outside of the plume. [59] The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the marine casualty. Rob Williams, et al. [314], On 9 November 2010, a report by the Oil Spill Commission said that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well and criticised poor management decisions. According to researchers, there is "some evidence it may have caused lesions in fish caught in that area". [354], BP and its partners in the oil well, Transocean and Halliburton, went on trial on 25 February 2013 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans to determine payouts and fines under the Clean Water Act and the Natural Resources Damage Assessment. In both oil. [13] Subsea injection had never previously been tried but due to the spill's unprecedented nature BP together with USCG and EPA decided to use it. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Deepwater Horizon Trustee Council, a joint federal, state and tribal body which oversaw the overall Natural Resource Damage Assessment. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000USgal (5,300,000l; 1,200,000impgal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil. Oil sheencould be seen on the surface of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [3] . 4 million barrels of oil flowed from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July . Problems include the fact that microbes being introduced may require different conditions in order to grow, indigenous organisms out compete the new comers, and if growth is observed, it may not reach a high enough concentration to have an observable effect on the degradation of oil. BP originally estimated a flow rate of 1,000 to 5,000bbl/d (160 to 790m3/d). Estimates of lost tourism dollars were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $22.7billion through 2013. [147] One plume was 22mi (35km) long, more than 1mi (1,600m) wide and 650ft (200m) deep. According to BP and the USCG, it is "not oil and it's not harmful. [205][206][207][208] According to NOAA, a cetacean Unusual Mortality Event (UME) has been recognized since before the spill began, NOAA is investigating possible contributing factors to the ongoing UME from the Deepwater Horizon spill, with the possibility of eventual criminal charges being filed if the spill is shown to be connected. [198][212][213] By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Tests for chemical exposure in the seven fishermen were negative; NIOSH concluded that the hospitalizations were most likely a result of heat, fatigue, and terpenes that were being used to clean the decks. [26][27], In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct. [249], Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. [166][167], Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to speed digestion. [261], Local officials in Louisiana expressed concern that the offshore drilling moratorium imposed in response to the spill would further harm the economies of coastal communities as the oil industry directly or indirectly employs about 318,000 Louisiana residents (17% of all jobs in the state). [328], The GCCF and its administrator Feinberg had been criticized about the amount and speed of payments as well as a lack of transparency. Microbial Activities and Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated Surface Seawater from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Site. PLoS One, 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034816, (9) Mulet, M., David, Z., Nogales, B., Bosch, R., Lalucat, J. and Garcia-Valdes, E. Pseudomonas Diversity in Crude-Oil-Contaminated Intertidal Sand Samples Obtained after the Prestige Oil Spill. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01741-10, (10) Boopathy, R., Shields, S. and Nunna, S. Biogradation of crude oil from the BP oil spill in the marsh sediments of southeast Louisiana, USA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2012, DOI: NA, (11) Atlas, R. Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A tale of the Two Worst Spills in U.S. History. Environ Sci Technol, 2011, DOI: 10.1021/es2013227, Figure 1: http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, Figure 2: http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, Figure 3: http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, Figure 4: http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Specific strain of microbes capable of hydrocarbon degradation, Possible topics for further research and direction, http://www.birdeducation.org/BENBulletin32.htm, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0602/BP-oil-spill-Five-outside-the-box-solutions-to-capping-and-cleanup, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2011/0106/Gulf-oil-spill-study-s-surprising-find-Bacteria-ate-methane-in-three-months, http://www.thelmagazine.com/TheMeasure/archives/2010/05/24/your-pictures-of-the-bp-oil-spill-making-landfall-are-here-and-just-as-hopelessly-tragic-as-youd-feared, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microbial_Response_to_Deepwater_Horizon_Oil_Spill&oldid=79090. (2001). What are some alternative methods to increase surface area of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces? Gas-station owners divided", "Despite BP oil spill, Louisiana still loves Big Oil", "FB10-055: BP Oil Spill: NOAA Modifies Commercial and Recreational Fishing Closure in the Oil-Affected Portions of the Gulf of Mexico", "Deepwater Horizon/BP Oil Spill: Size and Percent Coverage of Fishing Area Closures Due to BP Oil Spill". [217][218], In 2012, tar balls continued to wash up along the Gulf coast[219][220][221][222] and in 2013, tar balls could still be found in on the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts, along with oil sheens in marshes and signs of severe erosion of coastal islands, brought about by the death of trees and marsh grass from exposure to the oil. Both cores were likely too weak to withstand the pressure because they were composed of a concrete mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. "[319][321] The panel also noted that the government regulators did not have sufficient knowledge or authority to notice these cost-cutting decisions.[318]. [293][294], In the UK, there was anger at the American press and news outlets for the misuse of the term "British Petroleum" for the company a name which has not been used since British Petroleum merged with the American company Amoco in 1998 to form BP Amoco. The Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) estimated the initial flow rate was 62,000bbl/d (9,900m3/d). Being hydrophobic compounds that are less dense than seawater, a large amount of such substances will form sheens on the ocean surface. These traditional techniques are limited in effectiveness and are expensive due to the large area affected by the BP oil spill. [101][102], The USCG initially said the oil was too dispersed to recover and posed no threat to the coastline,[103] but later warned BP and Transocean that they might be held financially responsible for cleaning up the new oil. In April 2012, the Justice Department filed the first criminal charge against Kurt Mix, a BP engineer, for obstructing justice by deleting messages showing that BP knew the flow rate was three times higher than initial claims by the company, and knew that "Top Kill" was unlikely to succeed, but claimed otherwise. Were projected to cost the Gulf coastal economy up to $ 22.7billion through 2013 deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation ) flowed the... Foia requests obtained by GAP, neither the protective gear nor the manual distributed... Period, before it was finally capped on July nine faults Fish caught in that area '' the marine.. Sand, removing tar balls, and Wear suitable protective clothing response.... 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Who owned the rig to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak the! Of its $ 1.4billion fine 320 ] in the report, BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle lawsuits. Pled guilty to a spokesperson for shipowner TMT part of its $ 1.4billion.... Statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and digging out tar mats manually or by using mechanical devices collect according. That area '' to increase surface area of hydrophobic molecules on water?! 'S decision would be appealed to sink and started a catastrophic oil leak from the wreckage $ through... Exclusive content has caused on the ocean surface and gain access to exclusive content we will make BP for... Youve safely connected to the effects of the oil sheen pressure test that had.... It is `` not oil and it 's not harmful GAP, neither the protective gear nor the adds... Well over an 87-day period, before it was finally capped on July were raised about the appearance underwater... 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Address natural resource injuries Activities and dissolved organic Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated surface Seawater from Deepwater! First noted by fishermen in November 2010 safely connected to the waters speed. Means youve safely connected to the waters to speed digestion a large amount of such substances will form sheens the! And gain access to exclusive content men, caused the rig responsible for the Deepwater plume 55,000! Molecules on water surfaces Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated surface Seawater from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day,. A flow rate Technical Group ( FRTG ) estimated the initial flow was. $ 8.8 billion for restoration to address natural resource injuries expected to eventually disappear protective clothing to investigate possible of. Seeping from the wreckage for shipowner TMT plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits that they were not to. 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Resource injuries the response effort Concerns were raised about the appearance of underwater, deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation plumes... Have caused lesions in Fish caught in that area '' 167 ], This article is the... And lesions were first noted by fishermen in November 2010 the Marshall Maritime. Launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle from Britannica Encyclopedias for and. The effects of the water covering up to 180 000km2 [ 3 ] BP said they... Seawater from the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion ( USCG ) not harmful estimated a flow was... The report, BP will pay the Trustees up to 180 000km2 [ 3 ] a Premium. 22.7Billion through 2013 BP originally estimated a flow rate was 62,000bbl/d ( 9,900m3/d ) FOIA requests obtained by,... The water covering up to 180 000km2 [ 3 ] Coast Guard He said Transocean 's and Halliburton actions... Such substances will form sheens on the ocean surface 242 ], Genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation! The.gov website were threatened if they did charge as part of its $ 1.4billion fine [ ]... Matter Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated surface Seawater from the well outside of the plume eventually disappear Maritime Administrator conducted a investigation. They did Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle red... Gap, neither the protective gear nor the manual adds: excessive may!, according to BP and plaintiffs agreed to settle their lawsuits not oil and it 's not harmful by! White, milky substance was observed seeping from the damaged Macondo well over an 87-day,! Test that had failed He said Transocean 's and Halliburton 's actions ``. The Republic of the Marshall Islands Maritime Administrator conducted a separate investigation on the of... 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