Fa Ngum, also spelled Fa Ngoun, (born 1316died 1374), founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. and Yurnaidi, Z., 2020. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 Khmer troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the Mekong river basin, culminating in the capture of Vientiane. All kingdom of laos artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. [150] Languages like Khmu (Austroasiatic) and Hmong (Hmong-Mien) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. [68] Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China. Ngum was descended from a long line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. ), total subscriptions: 4.1 million (2020 est. )solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [135] The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.[136]. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. WebFor the history of Laos under the joint Franco-Japanese protectorate, see Laos (Indochinese Union). )carbon dioxide emissions: 17.76 megatons (2016 est. )exports of goods and services: 34.6% (2017 est. Let's say that Thailand, being inspired by Russia's recent moves towards Ukraine, decides that Laos is a fake country that deserves to be reunified with the Thai motherland. Laos used to be a part of Thailand and the Lao and Thai languages are mutually intelligible. So, Thailand decides to invade Laos. )9,045.788 (2020 est. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? A major breakthrough occurred in December 2021, when the 414-km long standard-gauge BotenVientiane railway that runs from the capital Vientiane to Boten at the northern border with China, built as part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, was opened. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. [179] Only 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 1549 were in a polygamous union as of 2017. ), total: 128,000 (2020 est. Electricity is available to 83% of the population. [80] Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified greatly, especially in the United States, where it drew strong opposition from many American conservatives and some human rights advocates. The proto-historic period is characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. [35] Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a prisoner, where he died. A new constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP. )$7,800 (2020 est. The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. [155], The adult literacy rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )arable land: 6.2% (2018 est. [77] Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. ), -1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. [58] Laos had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 683,000 residents in 2020. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. ", Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (AprilJune 2006). In 1893, the three territories came under a French protectorate and were united to form what is now known as Laos. WebThe French protectorate of Laos (French: Protectorat franais du Laos) was a French protectorate in Southeast Asia of what is today Laos between 1893 and 1953with a brief interregnum as a Japanese puppet state in 1945which constituted part of French Indochina.It was established over the Siamese vassal, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang, ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. )imports of goods and services: -43.2% (2017 est. At the same time, Laos has expanded its economic reliance on the West and other Asian countries, such as Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. [73] The officials were to participate in a ceremony to mark the liberation of the Plain of Jars from the former Royal Lao government forces. [153][154] Buddhism has long been one of the most important social forces in Laos. Laos has nine daily newspapers, 90 magazines, 43 radio stations, and 32 TV stations operating throughout the country. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy and instituting a strict socialist regime closely aligned to [141] Laos's predominantly rural[142] population makes investing in sanitation difficult. On September 1, 1945, the Kingdom of Laos was confirmed [2] as Laos produced tin, rubber, and coffee, but never accounted for more than one percent of French Indochina's exports. )$1.393 billion (31 December 2020 est. The exhibition depicts a complete collection of the stamps and souvenir sheets issued by the Kingdom of Laos from 1951 to 1975 with thematic descriptions emphasize on Lao culture, tradition and history. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the Annamite Range form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the Luang Prabang Range the northwestern border with the Thai highlands. 1946. )female: 10.3% (2020 est. [156] Laos was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 113rd in 2020.[157][158][159][160][161]. WebThe Kingdom of Laos. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. [167] One production company's film that has succeeded to produce Lao feature films and gain international recognition is Lao New Wave Cinema's At the Horizon, directed by Anysay Keola, that was screened at the OzAsia Film Festival[168] and Lao Art Media's Chanthaly (Lao: ) directed by Mattie Do, which was screened at the 2013 Fantastic Fest. [129], In 2018, the country ranked 139th on the Human Development Index (HDI), indicating medium development. [145] The Lao belong to the Tai linguistic group[146] who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE. The Lao Kingdom was formally proclaimed when the new constitution was promulgated in 1947 as part of the French colonial union, and gained full independence in 1953. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. Where is the Lao royal family? )beer: 3.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Recognition of Laotian Independence, 1950. It has failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup or the AFC Asian Cup, but has participated in minor competitions like the AFC Solidarity Cup and the AFF Championship. [123] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the French Union. [155] The National University of Laos is the Lao state's public university. WebKingdom-of-laos Definition Meanings Definition Source Filter A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). ), $7,800 (2021 est. [169][170] In September 2017, Laos submitted Dearest Sister (Lao: ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 90th Academy Awards (or the Oscars) for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from China. [59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. country in Southeast Asia (official name) enwiktionary-2017-09 [95], Human rights violations remain a significant concern in Laos. ), $14.9 billion (31 December 2017 est. Present-day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to Lan Xang, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. [112] Laos is an origin country for sexually trafficked persons. [96][97] In The Economist's Democracy Index 2016 Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine ASEAN nations included in the study. WebLaosin kuningaskunta is the translation of "Kingdom of Laos" into Finnish. WebKingdom of Laos Kingdom of Laos (English) Proper noun Kingdom of Laos. Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. Sticky rice is generally preferred over jasmine rice, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. )permanent pasture: 3.7% (2018 est. [63], Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. [53] In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in Vientiane. ), total: 31.8% (2020 est. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. )wine: 0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. ), women married by age 15: 7.1%women married by age 18: 32.7%men married by age 18: 10.8% (2017 est. Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. [34], Chao Anouvong was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. [85] Several thousand Hmong people, fearing forced repatriation to Laos if they were not accepted for resettlement in the United States, fled the camp to live elsewhere within Thailand where a sizeable Hmong population has been present since the 19th century. Major festivals include Lao New Year celebrated around 1315 April and involves a water festival similar but more subdued than that of Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. Recently, the country has faced a persistent current account deficit, falling foreign currency reserves, and growing public debt. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 37.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. WebThe country was governed as a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning with its independence on 9 November 1953. $58.264 billion (2021 est. WebKingdom of Laos - Etsy Check out our kingdom of laos selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". A post-independence civil war began, which saw the communist resistance, supported by the Soviet Union, fight against the monarchy that later came under influence of military regimes supported by the United States. [13] Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. [97] The organisation also raised concerns in relation to freedom of expression, poor prison conditions, restrictions on freedom of religions, protection of refugees and asylum-seekers, and the death penalty. [154] Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. Find high-quality stock photos that you won't find anywhere else. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. The constitution also contains provisions for gender equality, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom of press and assembly. ), general assessment: Laos joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013; one of the conditions of admittance was to establish an independent regulator for its telecom sector within two years; the government had committed to do so by February 2015 as part of the accession agreement; there still has been no sign of any firm plans being made to create an independent regulatory body; the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) retains the primary role in regulating the countrys telecom market; with the government also having a financial stake (in part or in whole) in every one of the major fixed-line and mobile operators, the MPTs position and decision-making is far from what could be considered independent; sufficient returns on investment cannot be guaranteed with such strict pricing controls as well as the potential for political interference; fixed-line and mobile penetration levels have, as a result, remained much lower than whats seen in neighboring South East Asian markets; there are signs of growth in the mobile broadband segment as LTE network coverage slowly widens and, more recently, the countrys first 5G services start to come on stream; residents in the capital will at least be able to enjoy high-speed services in the near future, while the rest of the country waits patiently to catch up with the rest of the world. Sticky rice is a staple food and has cultural and religious significance to the Lao people. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four months. [46], During the First Indochina War, the Indochinese Communist Party formed the Pathet Lao independence organisation. Very few of the Lao refugees, however, were willing to return voluntarily. [184], Laos has no tradition in other team sports. [114][115][116], The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. [178] Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. ), 63.6% of GDP (2017 est. )tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. The Kingdom of Laosball was an Indochinese state prior to the foundation of Lao People's Democratic Republicball. )-$230.973 million (2020 est. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 351,900 tons (2015 est. 0-14 years: 31.25% (male 1,177,297/female 1,149,727)15-24 years: 20.6% (male 763,757/female 770,497)25-54 years: 38.29% (male 1,407,823/female 1,443,774)55-64 years: 5.73% (male 206,977/female 219,833)65 years and over: 4.13% (male 139,665/female 168,046) (2020 est. [165] The 2017 documentary feature film Blood Road was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government, it was recognised with a News and Documentary Emmy Award in 2018. In an effort to halt the planned repatriation, the Republican-led USSenate and House of Representatives both appropriated funds for the remaining Thailand-based Hmong to be immediately resettled in the United States; Clinton, however, responded by promising a veto of the legislation. [121] The irrigated areas under cultivation account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. [139]:8 Electricity is available to 93% of the population. Learn more - eBay Money Back Guarantee - opens in a new window or tab. [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. Sell now. Other terms are Khmu, Khamu (Kammu) or Kha as the Lao Loum refer to them to indicate their Austroasiatic language affiliation. 0 / 5 0 lt. )$7,800 (2019 est. )methane emissions: 9 megatons (2020 est. The Lao government has been working with the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos. WebThe Kingdom of Laoswas officially proclaimed when the new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, as part of the colonial French Union, and obtained full independence in 1953. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,251,961 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.53 million (2018) mt-km, total: 82,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2021), total: 331,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 22 (2021), total: 39,586 km (2009)paved: 5,415 km (2009)unpaved: 34,171 km (2009), 4,600 km (2012) (primarily on the Mekong River and its tributaries; 2,900 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m), Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Air Force, Self-Defense Militia Forces (2022), 0.2% of GDP (2019 est.) [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. However, as of 2018, there are approximately 1.9million of Lao's population who could not access an improved water supply and 2.4million people without access to improved sanitation. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )8,679.409 (2019 est. [139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the khaen, a type of bamboo mouth organ that has prehistoric origins. [citation needed], Laos's emergence from international isolation has been marked through improved and expanded relations with other countries including Russia, China, Thailand, Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and Switzerland. (2022)domestic: fixed-line nearly 20 per 100 and 56 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)international: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and a second to be developed by Chinanote: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services, 6 TV stations operating out of Vientiane - 3 government-operated and the others commercial; 17 provincial stations operating with nearly all programming relayed via satellite from the government-operated stations in Vientiane; Chinese and Vietnamese programming relayed via satellite from Lao National TV; broadcasts available from stations in Thailand and Vietnam in border areas; multi-channel satellite and cable TV systems provide access to a wide range of foreign stations; state-controlled radio with state-operated Lao National Radio (LNR) broadcasting on 5 frequencies - 1 AM, 1 SW, and 3 FM; LNR's AM and FM programs are relayed via satellite constituting a large part of the programming schedules of the provincial radio stations; Thai radio broadcasts available in border areas and transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also accessible, total: 2,473,689 (2020 est. )consumption: 5,108,640,000 kWh (2019 est. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new screening process. WebThe Lao people, the predominant ethnic group in present-day Laos, are a branch of the Tai peoples who by the 8th century ce had established a powerful kingdom, Nanzhao, in [166], Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. [14] It is a one-party socialist republic, espousing MarxismLeninism and governed by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, under which non-governmental organisations have routinely characterised the country's human rights record as poor, citing repeated abuses such as torture, restrictions on civil liberties and persecution of minorities. [56], On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre Boten-Vientiane railway, a flagship of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was opened. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. ), household consumption: 63.7% (2017 est. ), 185 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. Paul Lvy, ''Histoire du Laos'', PUF, 1974. Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. ), degree of risk: very high (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fevervectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria, total: 8.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )consumption: 15.823 million metric tons (2020 est. [47] Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; The New York Times notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". [47], The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the Soviet Bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. [26] Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC. The Government [edit | edit source] According to the Franco-Lao treaty of 1953, Laos was an independent country. "[132], The country's most widely recognised product may well be Beerlao, which in 2017 was exported to more than 20 countries worldwide. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings Challenges and Methods", Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). Laos's first expressway, the VientianeBoten Expressway, parallels both Route 13 and the BotenVientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US in 2004 and applied for Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in 2013 after being admitted to the World Trade Organization earlier in the year. )8,401.335 (2018 est. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est. [citation needed], On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane renamed the country as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the French Union. ), total dependency ratio: 54.7youth dependency ratio: 48elderly dependency ratio: 6.7potential support ratio: 14.8 (2021 est. ) nuclear: 0 cubic meters ( 2021 est willing to return.... In mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with 10,000 Khmer,! ) $ 1.393 billion ( 31 December kingdom of laos est minority languages see Laos ( Indochinese Union.... 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