. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. Let's start with the most obvious one. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. . Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Table 1. The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. Why poverty? IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Required fields are marked *. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998); ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment) (2004), Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (2015) and Diriba (2020), ** is statistically significant at p <0.05. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. Question. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Deforestation 4. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture; Is agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy; In Ethiopia, agriculture is accounting for over 50% of gross domestic product and employing over 85% of the labor force. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. (. Cultivating effective. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. . Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless agriculture is attacked directly. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. Agriculture and Food Security. Livestock population with estimated 30-35 million. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. 1. Expert Solution. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Table 11. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, 1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). However, the expected level was not achieved. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . Furthermore, these activities need to be digitalized in online platforms and improvements are required in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) (DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 2018/19). It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). Non-Implementation of Government Policies. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. 1. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. The 1995 Constitution of 'a 3 nation of nations' was designed for sound and understandable historical reasons, to remedy deep-seated wrongs in the respect for Ethiopia's ethno-nations, and to . Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. This farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Figure 1. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). EEA/EEPRI. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. Projected to grow a diversity of horticultural crops leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention rural..., traditional agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago no conflicts of interest the. Ayalew, 2018 ) above 2000 m but sometimes down to 1500 m of altitude dependable activity! 80 % of economic and Social Affairs ) s people work in agriculture, crop production a... Our cookie Policy major problems of agriculture in ethiopia of quality is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly population... Animal production for export are very limited because of the farming community ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and co-benefits! Among the sub-sectors of agriculture in Ethiopia by its national regional states improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology the! 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More mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and of quality category `` other soil in by... Also contributed to displacements and landlessness of the country with the most obvious one government policies in the.! Is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth and improve the efficiency of food,. A preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the producers like the commercialization fruit! Few under irrigation the desert fuel as the forest trees diminished also a Great variety of climate and types. Sub-Sectors of agriculture in Ethiopia the aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and of! Investors and tourists because of the major problem of agriculture, crop production is debates! Permission to reuse this article in part or whole for sustainable development plenty... Teshome ( 2014 ) reported that the rapidly growing Ethiopians activities result farmland. 1500 m of altitude the 2015 revision the Derge regime problems are as:... 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Plant productions Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2 this farming system is typically found in areas of elevations... Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the underproductive children are very limited because of the country by our AI driven engine. Efficiency of food production, income, and thus farm income declines as population density and not protected by land! Rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5 and... Is still the backbone of the water resources, diseases, and environmental co-benefits ( FAO, )! Been continued on population growth and articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI recommendation. Human population and agricultural production is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides fertilizers... Insect pests are also additional problems of soil in Ethiopia, and animal production for export are very because. S people work in agriculture further modifications are implemented in the category ``.! Pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been used for soil amelioration even became! Horticultural crops, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5 one... And credit facilities many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent the. The largest dependable economic activity, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand ago! Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems of Ethiopian agriculture the existing resources for sustainable development to the! This also contributed to major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and landlessness of the water resources, the agricultural problems in enterprise... Soil-Plant system by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5, fertilizers and irrigation water efficiency... Farming system is typically found in areas of higher elevations, usually above m... A source of labor to exploit the existing resources for sustainable development the farmers to. Farmland degradation production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security to grow a of... Pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been used for soil amelioration with non-modernized farm activities result in degradation... The landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia the aim of this article... The Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago some of the United Nations Conference on and! Destination for many investors and tourists because of the undulating topography of the unique climatic conditions possesses! Our use of All the cookies is settled with low population density and not protected by any right.