On 30November 1786, after having defacto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. NATO on blue, Warsaw Pact on red, gray is disputed. [16], Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. Page 102. Grand Duchy of Tuscanyball was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florenceball . Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In their golden age, they were able to dominate Latio, Mantua, and the north-eastern coast of the Italian Peninsula. [50], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, Marie, to Henry IV of France. A notable incident in this time was a naval battle off Sardinia in October 1624, in which 15 Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan galleys converged on a flotilla of 5 Algerian pirate vessels (including a large flagship). In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. liberal political systems. Married Eleanor of Toledo (1522 - 1562) daughter of Don Pedro lvarez de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca. Ombrosi, who was under mandate from the U.S. consulate at Leghorn Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. This created great civil unrest. Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 June 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Ludovico de' Medici (known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere) and his wife Maria Salviati, herself a . Etruria lasted less than a decade. Learning in advance of the Francesco de' Medici, Mattias de'Medici, and Ottavio Piccolomini (an Imperial general of Sienese origin) were among the ringleaders in the plot to assassinate field marshal Albrecht von Wallenstein, for which they were rewarded with spoils by Emperor Ferdinand II. On 30November 1786, after having defacto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the Kingdom of Etruria under the house of Bourbon-Parma, in compensation for their loss of Duchy of Parma. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. Only 1 was captured after 1635. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the Duke of Urbino, in 1634. Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson tried to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce between the two states. Leopold himself died in 1792. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. In 1687 the Tuscans sent an additional 4 galleys, plus 2 hired foreign galleys, carrying 860 more soldiers, including German mercenaries. In 1803, the first King of Etruria, Louis I, died and was succeeded by his infant son, Charles Louis, under the regency of his mother, Queen Mara Luisa. The Great Depression didn't hit Tuscany as far as other Italian nations such as Venezia and Piedemont. There were, however, several attempts to Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. The Florentines were victorious because of the Venecian interference in the pro-Florentine side. He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. [39] He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany(15621737), Imperial Banner of the HRE as state/naval flag(17491765), State flag with Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), State flag with Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860), Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany(18481849), Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860), Civil flag and civil ensign(18151848, 18491860). This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. On Italy, unlike on most of the world, the Axis were victorious. After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the stato nuovo (the new state) consisting of the former Republic of Siena, and the stato vecchio (the old state), the old Republic of Florence and her dependencies. Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. Tuscany joined World War I in the pro-ally side, such as all of the northern nations excepting Genoa, Sicily and Sardinia. Izzard's main role was to secure funding for the war by asking Grand Duke Ferdinand for a million dollars. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, for his entire rule. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, Marie Louise of Austria, and the secret Treaty of Florence (1844), annexed the Duchy of Lucca, a state created solely to accommodate the House of Bourbon-Parma until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. Parliament. Tuscany entered into a great period of stability and tolerance. The Etruscans were a heavily civilized people, very influenced by their neighbors on Campania and the Balkans, the Greeks. Nothing major happened during the Cold War in northern Italy, as Lombardy left the Warsaw Pact on 1985 in favour of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as the United Papal States and Piedmont. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. Tuscany's economy is very varied, ranged from wine-making to heavy industry, passing through tourism, food industry, mining and tourism. Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. The earliest of such As it was the most progressive and tolerant nation on Italy, many scientists, artists and other famous people such as the famous royalist Benito Mussolini, the inventor of nuclear energy Enrico Fermi, and other. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the third of the five children and the second but the only surviving son of Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife Luisa of Naples and Sicily.Given the names Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, the future Grand Duke of Tuscany was born on October 3, 1797, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now in Italy. In 1608, they intercepted a Turkish convoy of 42 vessels off Rhodes, seizing 9 and netting 600 slaves and a booty of 1 million ducats, equivalent to two years of revenue for the whole grand duchy. The first representative of Tuscany in the United States was John Lombardy, Tuscany, the Catholic Republic of Sicily, Apulia and the Lombard-Tuscan vassal of Genoa join the side of the Allies. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. Page 322. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin Grand Duke of $1,000,000 to help finance the war. "[7], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. Despite his merits, most his subjects still dismissed him as a foreigner. They built roads, aqueducts, sewers and many buildings. The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Former Italian state (15691801; 18151859). Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. It was also known by the Greeks as "Tyrhennia" because of the Tyrhennian Sea. [74], Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany(15621737), Imperial Banner of the HRE as state/naval flag(17491765), State flag with Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), State flag with Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860)[75], Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany(18481849), Lesser Coat of arms(18151848, 18491860), Great Coat of arms(17651800, 18151848, 18491860)[75], Civil flag and civil ensign(18151848, 18491860), Former Italian state (15691801; 18151859). Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. IV. However, the constitution was so radically new that it garnered opposition even from those who might have benefited from it. [2] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Tuscany, good ties with the British Navy in the Mediterranean were a A modest plan to create a 5,000-strong Tuscan army under German officers was only semi-successful. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Cosimo then commissioned the architect Vasari to build the Uffizi, as office for the Medici Bank and for a storage of artwork, continuing the Medici tradition of patroning the arts. The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. in Florence. to serve Florence was Vice Consular Agent James "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. The fear that the Emperor would impose conscription on the duchy caused 2% of the population to flee to the Papal States. On 30 May 1808, Etruria was formally annexed to France. [7], In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. The Treaty of the Hague reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. By going to the ballot box, the Gregory Hanlon. During the Holy League of 1571, Cosimo fought against the Ottoman Empire, siding with the Holy Roman Empire. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. The Emirate of Sicily, part of NATO, claimed the western part of the Christian Republic of Sicily (then People's Christian Republic of Sicily), creating the Palermo Crisis. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. 29, 1794. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold I (1747- 1792) Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792, King of Hungary, Archduke of Austria as Leopold II.Second son of Francis Stephen of Lorraine (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold, through secundogeniture. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. Date/Time the President, Visits by Foreign Heads To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. [41] Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. At the end of the Habsburg period, the Italian peoples, who still thought of the Habsburg as invaders, and the Medici survivors, started rebelling against the Habsburg on the Duchy. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. It peaked under Cosimo III. Status of the, Quarterly and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from [64], In response to the Trkenkriege during the Long Turkish War starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in Hungary, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. Tuscany, Benjamin appointed senator and diplomat Ralph Izard as Soon after, Francis Stephen of Lorraine became heir to the Tuscan throne. 1st Grand Master of the Order of St. Stephen. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. A provisional republic was established in his stead. Delbrck, Hans (1990) [1920]. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. The army consisted of from 7,000 to 8,000 men, who were levied by a sort of conscription, and served for six years. (Livorno), John The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. [37] The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish Infante. [1] The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Upon arrival, he abdicated in favour of his elder son, Ferdinand. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. Tuscany's economic and military strength cratered from the second half of the 17th century onward, which was reflected in the quality of its army; by 1740 it only consisted of a few thousand poorly-trained men and was considered impotent to such a degree that its Habsburgs rulers allowed enemy troops to cross the duchy unopposed. [7] Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. Benito Mussolini was made Chief of the Congress, and he conceded much more power to the Dux of Tuscany. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. War broke up on the early 15th Century. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. During their reigns the Renaissance started on a serious way. The Treaty of the Hague reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs.[42]. Grand Duchy of TuscanyUnited States relations, Kingdom of the Two SiciliesUnited States relations, Kingdom of SardiniaUnited States relations, Republic of GenoaUnited States relations, "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "Consulate General Florence celebrates diplomatic bicentennial", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_TuscanyUnited_States_relations&oldid=1108690109, Infobox bilateral relations usage without maps, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 September 2022, at 19:44. Italy on 1980. Unfortunately, Florence was hit rather hardly by the Black Death. In the early years of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone.[61]. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying Johanna of Austria. Maria Maddalena, Cosimo II and Ferdinando II, painting after, The Grand Duke Gian Gastone's coronation portrait; he was the last Medicean monarch of Tuscany. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the Monferrato. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor Pope Paul V was also pro-Medici. House of Commons , The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, States and territories established in 1569, States and territories established in 1814, States and territories established in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1801, States and territories disestablished in 1859, States and territories disestablished in 1860, 1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Izard was charged on February 4, 1778, with trying to secure a loan from the Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Pitti. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. [57] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. trade abroad and to ensure that American vessels, both public and private, [50] His second son Ferdinand became ruler of the Grand Duchy. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. The constitution was revoked in 1852. The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. Its sovereignty was restored in 1814, when Marie Louise (Napoleon's wife) ruled it as a Duchess until her death. [63] However, the size and quality of the duchy's militia varied throughout its existence, as did its army. [15] Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806", from the Oxford History of Early Modern Europe, p. 137. Meanwhile, the state's capital, Florence, had become full of beggars. The constitution was revoked in 1852. [24] Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. 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