After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. Firstly, the divisions within the party, made his task of eliminating people less complicated, he only had individuals, not groups of people against him. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [365], Throughout the 1920s and beyond, Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy. [568] It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Knigsberg be declared Soviet territory. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. Succeeding Lenin and his Rise to Power [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [400], Seeking improved international relations, in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations, from which it had previously been excluded. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [711] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. [3] He was born on 18 December[O.S. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [685] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. [764] Stalin had a complex mind,[765] great self-control,[766] and an excellent memory. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). [695] In his book, Foundations of Leninism, he stated that "Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution". [518], In Allied countries, Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war. At the end of the titanic struggle he paraded himself as Generalissimus and war hero. Biography: Joseph Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union after the founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, died in 1924. Stalin ruled up until his own death in 1953. They were similar in some respects and yet very different. [706] In the personality cult constructed around him, he was known as the vozhd, an equivalent to the Italian duce and German fhrer. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. [678] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [656] An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. [488] In June 1941, he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them,[489] also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [914] In October 1961, Stalin's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, the location marked by a bust. [562] He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes. One is the political scientist Rudolph Rummel (1932-2014), a non-China specialist who made wildly higher estimates than any other historianthat Mao was responsible for 77 million deaths. [716] Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a "national character" but were not a "nation" and were thus unassimilable. [846] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. [795] Other historians linked his brutality not to any personality trait, but to his unwavering commitment to the survival of the Soviet Union and the international MarxistLeninist cause. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. Initially governing the country as part of a collective leadership, he consolidated power to become a dictator by the 1930s. Some weeks after the controversy, the Patriarchate of Moscow forced Zhakov to remove the icon of Stalin from his parish. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [675] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. However, as many of the following . [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. That night,. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign MarxistLeninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [213], In December 1918, Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there. [831] He gave nicknames to his favourites, for instance referring to Yezhov as "my blackberry". [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. No one died on that day. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. [645] The amount of written material that he produced also declined. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [293] Stalin in turn accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism and thus instability into the party. [282] Stalin saw Trotsky whom he personally despised[283] as the main obstacle to his dominance within the party. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [155] They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917,[156] where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. Comrades! [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. addressing the closing ceremony of the chennai international book fair that began on monday, stalin said the state government has allotted rs 3 crore as translation grants and rs 6 crore for. [493] Stalin issued Order No. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [199] Stalin thought it necessary because unlike Lenin he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [68] During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolsheviks" and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". [623] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. [940] There have also been requests by communist officials to canonize Stalin as an official saint, although these requests were never implemented the author referencing the church's suffering under Stalin's rule. [34], Stalin joined a forbidden book club at the school;[35] he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done? [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. [860] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[861] although he never recognised them as being his. [17] In September 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Orthodox Gori Church School,[18] a place secured by Charkviani. It contains a great deal of text, mostly dense exchanges between the player character and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. [933] A 2017 Pew Research survey had 57% of Georgians saying he played a positive role in history, compared to 18% of those expressing the same for Mikhail Gorbachev. [517] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. "[837] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. [605], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [333] Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests . [230] Stalin lost the argument, after which he accepted Lenin's decision and supported it. Updated on September 12, 2019 After his death in 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's remains were embalmed and put on display next to those of Vladimir Lenin. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. He was good at coercing people. [629] He was further angered by Israel's growing alliance with the U.S.[630] After Stalin fell out with Israel, he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1945, which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China, although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries. [139] According to Montefiore, this was "Stalin's most famous work". Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. [934], Some positive sentiment can also be found elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. [913] He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [217] He was reprimanded by Lenin at the 8th Party Congress for employing tactics which resulted in far too many deaths of Red Army soldiers. [659], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. [41] At night, he attended secret workers' meetings[42] and was introduced to Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ("Third Group"), a Georgian socialist group. [499] They achieved high levels of industrial productivity, outstripping that of Germany. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". Advertisement New questions in English Select the verb (s) in the sentence. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [639] Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health. Stalin's chief ideological hatchet man, Andrey Zhdanov, a secretary of the Central Committee, began a reign of terror in the Soviet artistic and intellectual world; foreign achievements were derided, and the primacy of Russians as inventors and pioneers in practically every field was asserted. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. Despite all that it is fair to say that Lenin was a successful leader without whom November revolution . But he was not a good leader. [624] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. The third and final part shows how, through an overt co-option of Lenin's legacy, Stalin 'manufactured' a charismatic bond with the Soviet people. [367] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[368] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [868] According to historian Kevin McDermott, interpretations of Stalin range from "the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory. [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. [317] Stalin announced that both kulaks and the "middle peasants" must be coerced into releasing their harvest. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. 23M views 5 years ago The personalities and spectres of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin loom large in the events of the twentieth Century. [689] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[690] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [586], In the aftermath of the Second World War, the British Empire declined, leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. His right hand men were Trotsky and Stalin. He officially ruled the country from 1924-1953. [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. [618] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. Watch: When Rahul Gandhi got stumped over fuel prices . [521] There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who were together known as the "Big Three". [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. the unchallenged leader of the Soviet Union. [848] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. (Library of Congress/Getty Images ) In 1943, when the Second World War had reached its most pitiless intensity, three of the world's most powerful menunlikely allies against the Axis onslaught . [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [735] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[736] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". [607] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [849] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [175] Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation, Stalin's role in the coup had not been publicly visible. 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