Persian Miniature Painting and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India. [10] The appearance of New Persian, ascendancy of Turks to power in place of the Persian Samanids, rise of the non-Arabic ulama in the cities, and development of ethnically and confessionally complex urban society marked an emergence of a new Turco-Persian Islamic culture. February 21, 2010. Attars poetry inspired Rumi and many other Sufi poets. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul, Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, "Deutschsprachige Architekten in der frhen Republik", "Mapping Turkey, Short History of Architecture", Best Director to Nuri Bilge Ceylan for "Three Monkeys", Festival de Cannes: 2008 - Best Director Award. It is solely a religion. At the same time, a distinct Modern Persian literature came into existence in northeastern Iran, where the house of the Samanids of Bukhara and Samarkand had revived the memory of Sasanian glories. As the three ethnic groups ruled once an empire at their time in. 2. A Persian miniature is a richly detailed miniature painting which depicts religious or mythological themes from the region of the Middle East now known as Iran. [citation needed], The Seljuq successors of Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana brought this culture westward into Persia, Iraq, and Syria. The Turks did not accept to live in captivity throughout . The first is the mosaic a design created from gluing bits of different colored tiles together. TEHRAN An Iranian-Turkish crew has completed production of "Infinite Territory", a documentary film scrutinizing the influence of Persian culture and literature on Anatolia. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. And Rumis Masnavi is considered one of the most beautiful Persian literary works, if not of all Islamic writings. Thus, the Turco-Persian culture was brought deep into India[16] and carried further in the thirteenth century. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mathnawi (also known as mesnev), a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry. A water canal (other name is Cetvel-i Sim) and a picnic area (Kathane) were established as recreational areas. In India, the Mughal Empire decayed into warring states. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. After 1500, the Persian culture developed distinct features of its own, and interposition of strong Shiite culture hampered exchanges with Sunni peoples on Persia's western and eastern frontiers. The Grand Mosque of Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed one. But Khayyam is best known for his work as a poet. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. The film provides clues as to [] At the beginning of the fourteenth century the Ottomans rose to predominance in Asia Minor, and developed an empire that subjugated most of the Arab Islamic world as well as south-eastern Europe. Excerpt: The Mughas, Persianized Turks who had invaded from Central Asiaand claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India. Authors such as Ahmed Him and Yahy Keml Beyatl (18841958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. Nezami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. [34][35] The Turco-Persian Islamic tradition provided the elements they have used to express their shared concerns. The art of miniature painting in Persia flourished from the 13th through the 16th centuries, and continues to this day, with several contemporary artists producing notable Persian miniatures. With Ahmed III's deposition, Mahmud I took the throne (17301754). In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. [6], Second, the governors in Khurasan, Tahirids, were factually independent; then the Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, but were replaced by independent Samanids, although they showed perfunctory deference to the Caliph. persian warriors in line - persian culture stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images . [] The center of the Islamic world was under Turkish and Persian states, both shaped by Iranian culture. It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. Furthermore, as partly evidenced by the prevalence of the still-existent ashik ("ak" or "ozan") tradition, the dominant element in Turkish folk poetry has always been song. This was done as part of a process of modernization, westernization, and of creating and outlining a new Turkish cultural identity, rather than the previously established and depicted Ottoman identity. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. The cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Kashan, and Isfahan are the chief producers of Persian carpets. (Apr., 1976), pp. Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmud's Tomb, Galata Lodge of the Mevlevi Dervishes, Dolmabahe Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal and the Kuleli Barracks are the important examples of this style, developed parallel with the Westernization process. This composite culture was the beginning of the Turko-Persian variant of Islamicate culture. Islam did eventually displace the native Zoroastrian religion, however, the Persians held onto their identity through their language, literature and arts which will be discussed in further detail later. They gave up Persian as the court language, using Turkish instead; a decision that shocked the highly Persianized Mughals in India. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanpnar and Ouz Atay. [10] The film won numerous other awards in many international film festivals. For example, the difference between Urfa kebab and Adana kebab is the use of garlic instead of onion and the larger amount of hot pepper that kebab contains. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. (The profession can also carry implications of being an alchemist.). won the Kora Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. The vast majority of citizens, however, share a common Turkish culture with some regional, urban-rural, social class, and ethnic variations. His influence in the lives of Persian speakers can be found in Hafez readings and the frequent use of his poems in Persian traditional music, visual art, and Persian calligraphy. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. [3] The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Persian classics in the form of poetic texts and historical treatises found an increasingly appreciative audience among the Ottoman and Mughal officials and other functionaries and intermediaries. Another successful Turkish player in the NBA is Hidayet Trkolu, who was given the NBA's Most Improved Player Award for the 20072008 season, on April 28, 2008. Orhan Veli Kank, Melih Cevdet Anday and Oktay Rifat led the Garip movement; while Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever and Cemal Sreya led the kinci Yeni movement. Much like African Americans and Japanese can be Christian, Persians and Arabs can be Muslim. Major examples are the Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque, Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli ukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynalkavak Palace, and the Selimiye Barracks. If there is in history a proper hybrid culture between the turkish, greek and persian ones, then it's not the Rum culture, but, rather, the post conquest Ottoman one (that is above the timeframe of the game ofc) I hope at least the proper Great Seljuk culture in the 1066 start date is correctly portrayed as a turko/persian hybrid one. Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic and Persian cuisines. Helping to distinguish between. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. Farshchian has played a decisive role in introducing Iranian art to the international art scene. The aks were essentially minstrels who traveled through Anatolia performing their songs on the balama, a mandolin-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. Most of Irans population speak Indo-Iranian but also some speak Semitic, and Turkic languages. In the sixteenth century several Turko-Persian empires arose: the Ottomans in Asia Minor and south-eastern Europe, Safavids in Persia, and Mughals in India. Behzad is the most famous of Persian miniature painters. As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. In Tabriz, for instance, many of the rugs are made for prayer and contain a centralized medallion of sorts. The 'folk poetry' as indicated above, was strongly influenced by the Islamic Sunni and Shi'a traditions. The European powers encroached into the Turco-Persian region, contributing to the political fragmentation of the region. [2], After the Muslim conquest of Persia, Middle Persian, the language of Sassanids, continued in wide use well into the second Islamic century (eighth century) as a medium of administration in the eastern lands of the Caliphate. Central Anatolia is famous for its pastry specialities such as kekek (kashkak), mant (especially of Kayseri) and gzleme. The first radical step away from this trend was taken by Nzm Hikmet, whoduring his time as a student in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1924was exposed to the modernist poetry of Vladimir Mayakovsky and others, which inspired him to start writing verse in a less formal style. Under Ghaznavids poets and scholars from Kashgar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Baghdad, Nishapur, and Ghazni congregated in Lahore. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynalkavak Kasr became popular. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to experience the contemporary European customs and life. [citation needed]. It has an important position among the various decorative arts in Iranian architecture. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia! However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as Freestyle wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team. The name Attar means herbalist or druggist, which was his profession. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. Turkish vs Farsi Persian (Farsi) Persian, also commonly referred to as Farsi, is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Berlinale: Berlin Film Festival reaches climax with awards ceremony. Just as the Garip movement was a reaction against earlier poetry, soin the 1950s and afterwardswas there a reaction against the Garip movement. The language that appeared in the ninth and tenth centuries was a new form of Persian, based on the Middle Persian of pre-Islamic times, but enriched by ample Arabic vocabulary and written in Arabic script. He is the recipient of major Turkish and international literary awards, such as the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. Persian language and culture became the primary connection between Safavid Persia, Ottoman Turkey and Mughal India. As the author of numerous ghazals expressing love, spirituality, and protest, he and his work continue to be important to Iranians, and many of his poems are used as proverbs or sayings. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. Seljuqs won a decisive battle with the Ghaznavids and then swept into Khorasan, they brought Turco-Persian Islamic culture westward into western Persia and Iraq. Although much of it spoke various forms of Turkish, as well as other local languages, their classical and cultural language was Persian. The most notable Persian artwork is seen in the masterful woven carpets. Islam is not a nation, nor is it an ethnic group. [17][18] Under Seljuks and the Ghaznavids the Islamic religious institutions became more organized and Sunni orthodoxy became more codified. [1][2] Examples of the creation of this art form can be witnessed in the Divrii Hospital and Mosque, which is a UNESCO world heritage site, as well as in the Sivas ifte Minare, Konya nce Minare museums and many other buildings from the Seljuk period in Anatolia. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. The two primary streams of Ottoman literature were poetry and prose. It is said that he saw as many as 500 patients a day in his shop, prescribing herbal remedies which he prepared himself, and he wrote his poetry while attending to his patients. Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. This period was marked by buildings of mixed Neo-Classical, Baroque, Rococo and Empire styles, such as the Dolmabahe Palace, Dolmabahe Mosque and Ortaky Mosque. February 5 - 15, 2004. The Sogdian influence on the state was considerable. persepolis - persian culture stock . It attracted many scholars and artists of the Islamic world. Taken as a whole, Turkish cuisine is not homogenous. Safavids erected grand mosques and built elegant gardens, collected books (one Safavid ruler had a library of 3,000 volumes) and patronized whole academies. Starting from the 1950s, isolation from the rest of the world started to diminish, leading to Turkish architects being increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. [citation needed], The Ghaznavids (9891149) founded an empire which became the most powerful in the east since the Abbasid Caliphs at their peak, and their capital at Ghazni became second only to Baghdad in cultural elegance. Edirne (Adrianople) was the Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, when Istanbul (Constantinople) became the new capital, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development which culminated in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. [20] The Alai era saw the overthrow of the old nobility of early Mamluk rule. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. . 161-182, Najwa Al-Qattan. [citation needed] Turco-Persian Islamic culture is a mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries into what eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South Asia. [21] To this end, and inspired in part by contemporary French poets like Jacques Prvert, they employed not only a variant of the free verse introduced by Nzm Hikmet, but also highly colloquial language, and wrote primarily about mundane daily subjects and the ordinary man on the street. [9], In Samanid times began the growth of the public influence of the ulama, the learned scholars of Islam. Nastaliq is the most popular styles among classical Persian calligraphy scripts. Prior to the foundation of Islam in Iran, Persians are noted for the development of one of the oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization. These changes were implemented under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatrk. Divan-e Shams is another famous work of Rumi and is recognized by many as a masterpiece of wisdom and eloquence. Omar Khayyam was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet. Aside from common Turkish specialities which can be found throughout the country, there are also region-specific specialities. [2], Middle Persian was a lingua franca of the region before the Arab invasion, but afterwards Arabic became a preferred medium of literary expression. Farsi, the official language of Iran, is historically one of the most prominent languages of the Middle East and extended regions. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. [8], The Samanids began recording their court affairs in Arabic and in this language, and they used it as the main public idiom. Ferdowsi enshrined in literary form the most treasured stories of popular folk-memory. The Sogdian language functioned as lingua franca of the Central Asian silk routes. "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. The style of the current novelists can be traced back to the Gen Kalemler journal in the Ottoman period. (Aug., 1999), pp. Turkish and Persian languages have some loanwords from each other, but there is no similarity between their grammar and pronunciation. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . [2], The ruling institution was dominated by Turks from various tribes, some highly urbanized and Persianized, some rural and still very Turkic. The backbone of the Turkic elite was broken as their wealth in Delhi was confiscated by Nusrat Khan Jalesari,[21] after which a new heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility emerged in the Delhi Sultanate. Its palette of blues, greens and white is cool . [25], The Safavids of the fifteenth century were leaders of a Sufi order, venerated by Turkmen tribesmen in eastern Anatolia. [2], The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. [11] Other important films of Akn, such as Kurz und schmerzlos (1998), In July (2000), Solino (2002), and Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005) won numerous awards. The story of the colour blue in Persian culture begins with the use of two iconic sources - lapis lazuli and indigo, to which cobalt was added later. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. [13], The Perso-Islamic tradition was a tradition where the Turkic groups played an important role in its military and political success while the culture raised both by and under the influence of Muslims used Persian as its cultural vehicle. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. [9] This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964. turkish culture has been heavily influenced by persian culture, from language basics to government structures, and almost every imaginable sphere of life, this has been continuing to be so since more than a millenia now. Turkish literature is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. There are many advantages to acquiring a new language. Selflessness is noticeable on a day-to-day level. Upon the fall of the empire after World War I the Turkish Republic adopted a unitary approach, which leads the different cultures within its borders to mix with each other with the aim of producing a national and cultural identity. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". As Seljuks came to dominate Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia, they carried this Turco-Persian culture beyond, and made it the culture of their courts in the region to as far west as the Mediterranean Sea. The traditional Turkish national sport has been the Yal gre (Oiled Wrestling) since Ottoman times. One can see how the later monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have taken many of their teachings from this religion. His collection of hundreds of quatrains (or rubais), was first translated from Farsi into English in 1859 by Edward Fitzgerald. A series of radical reforms soon followed, central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize. Artists of the most treasured stories of popular folk-memory of blues, greens and white is cool most prominent of... Other name is Cetvel-i Sim ) and gzleme this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace 16851784... 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